2013년 11월 24일 일요일

오후 7:52

By Regan Mcfadin

In: , , , , , , ,

No comments

About 'monticello advance'|The people and "the Monster of Monticello"







About 'monticello advance'|The people and "the Monster of Monticello"








Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｓｈａｌｌ               ｍａｋｅ               ｎｏ               ｌａｗ               ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｎｇ               ａｎ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ,               ｏｒ               ｐｒｏｈｉｂｉｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｒｅｅ               ｅｘｅｒｃｉｓｅ               ｔｈｅｒｅｏｆ;               ｏｒ               ａｂｒｉｄｇｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ               ｏｆ               ｓｐｅｅｃｈ,               ｏｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｓ;               ｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｉｇｈｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｐｅａｃｅａｂｌｙ               ｔｏ               ａｓｓｅｍｂｌｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｒｅｄｒｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｇｒｉｅｖａｎｃｅｓ.

'"               Ｆｉｒｓｔ               Ａｍｅｎｄｍｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ               Ｔｈｅ               Ｆｉｒｓｔ               Ａｍｅｎｄｍｅｎｔ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｋｈｏｒｓｅ               ａｍｅｎｄｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ.

Ｉｔ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｕｒａｌ               ｒｉｇｈｔ               ｏｆ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍｓ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ,               ｓｐｅｅｃｈ,               ｐｒｅｓｓ,               ａｓｓｅｍｂｌｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｌｏｂｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ.

Ｉｔｓ               ｆｏｒｔｙ-ｆｉｖｅ               ｗｏｒｄｓ               ａｒｅ               ａｒｇｕａｂｌｙ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｗｅｒｆｕｌ               ｗｏｒｄｓ               ｉｎ               ｏｕｒ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ.

Ｙｅｔ,               ｉｎ               ｓｐｉｔｅ               ｏｆ               ｏｕｒ               Ｆｉｒｓｔ               Ａｍｅｎｄｍｅｎｔ               ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｐｒｏｈｉｂｉｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               "ｆｒｅｅ               ｅｘｅｒｃｉｓｅ"               ｏｆ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ,               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ｔｏｄａｙ               ｆａｃｅ               ｕｎｐｒｅｃｅｄｅｎｔｅｄ               ａｔｔａｃｋｓ               ｏｎ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｓｑｕａｒｅ.
               Ｔｏｄａｙ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｔａｋｅｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｇｒａｎｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｈｒａｓｅ               "Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｓｈａｌｌ               ｍａｋｅ               ｎｏ               ｌａｗ               ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｎｇ               ａｎ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ"               ｍｅａｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ａ               "ｗａｌｌ               ｏｆ               ｓｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔａｔｅ."               Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｔｈｅ               ｐｈｒａｓｅ               "ｓｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔａｔｅ"               ｄｏｅｓ               ｎｏｔ               ａｐｐｅａｒ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｅｍｓ               ｔｏ               ａｃｔｕａｌｌｙ               ｃｏｎｔｒａｄｉｃｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｈｒａｓｅ               "ｏｒ               ｐｒｏｈｉｂｉｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｒｅｅ               ｅｘｅｒｃｉｓｅ               ｔｈｅｒｅｏｆ."               Ｔｈｅ               Ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ               Ｃｌａｕｓｅ               ｔｏｄａｙ               ｓｅｅｍｓ               ｔｏ               ｔａｋｅ               ｐｒｅｃｅｄｅｎｃｅ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｒｅｅ               Ｅｘｅｒｃｉｓｅ               Ｃｌａｕｓｅ.
               Ｉｆ               ｗｅ               ｌｏｏｋ               ｂａｃｋ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｅａｒｌｙ               ｄａｙｓ               ｏｆ               ｏｕｒ               ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃ,               ｗｅ               ｓｅｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｗｏｒｋｅｄ               ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ.

Ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｒ               ｍａｒｃｈｉｎｇ               ｓｏｎｇｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔａｌ               Ａｒｍｙ,               "Ｃｈｅｓｔｅｒ"               ｂｙ               Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍ               Ｂｉｌｌｉｎｇｓ,               ｉｓ               ｕｎｍｉｓｔａｋａｂｌｙ               ｓｐｉｒｉｔｕａｌ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｄｅｃｌａｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｃｅ,               ｏｕｒ               ｆｏｕｎｄｉｎｇ               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔ,               ａｌｓｏ               ｍａｋｅｓ               ｅｘｐｌｉｃｉｔ,               ｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｎｏｎｄｅｎｏｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ,               ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｏｕｒ               "Ｃｒｅａｔｏｒ"               ａｎｄ               "Ｎａｔｕｒｅ'ｓ               Ｇｏｄ."               Ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｒａｇｅｄ,               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｉｚｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｉｎｔｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｂｉｂｌｅ               ｉｎ               1781.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｒｏｂｅｒｔ               Ａｉｔｋｅｎ               Ｂｉｂｌｅ               ｗａｓ               ｐｒｉｎｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               1782               ａｎｄ               ｗａｓ               ｃｏｍｍｅｎｄｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｇｅｏｒｇｅ               Ｗａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎ.
               Ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｅａｒｌｉｅｓｔ               ｄａｙｓ               ｏｆ               ｏｕｒ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ,               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ,               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｐｒｏｃｌａｉｍｅｄ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｄａｙｓ               ｏｆ               "Ｈｕｍｉｌｉａｔｉｏｎ,               Ｆａｓｔｉｎｇ,               ａｎｄ               Ｐｒａｙｅｒ"               ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｄｒ.

Ｊｏｈｎ               Ｓ.

Ｕｅｂｅｒｓａｘ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｅａｒｌｙ               ｐｒｏｃｌａｍａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｒｅ               ａ               ｖｅｒｉｔａｂｌｅ               ｗｈｏ'ｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｌｉｓｔ               ｏｆ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｆｏｕｎｄｅｒｓ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               Ｊｏｈｎ               Ｈａｎｃｏｃｋ,               Ｊｏｈｎ               Ｊａｙ,               Ｓａｍ               Ａｄａｍｓ,               Ｊｏｈｎ               Ａｄａｍｓ,               ａｎｄ               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｍａｄｉｓｏｎ.

Ｇｅｏｒｇｅ               Ｗａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎ               ｉｓｓｕｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               Ｔｈａｎｋｓｇｉｖｉｎｇ               ｐｒｏｃｌａｍａｔｉｏｎ,               ｔｉｔｌｅｄ               "Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               Ｔｈａｎｋｓｇｉｖｉｎｇ,"               ｉｎ               1789               ｔｏ               ａｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ               "ｗｉｔｈ               ｇｒａｔｅｆｕｌ               ｈｅａｒｔｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｎｙ               ａｎｄ               ｓｉｇｎａｌ               ｆａｖｏｒｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｌｍｉｇｈｔｙ               Ｇｏｄ,               ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ               ｂｙ               ａｆｆｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｍ               ａｎ               ｏｐｐｏｒｔｕｎｉｔｙ               ｐｅａｃｅａｂｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈ               ａ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｏｆ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｓａｆｅｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｈａｐｐｉｎｅｓｓ               --               "
               Ｗｈｅｎ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔ               Ｏｒｄｉｎａｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               1787,               ｉｔ               ｓｔａｔｅｄ,               "Ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ,               ｍｏｒａｌｉｔｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ,               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ               ｔｏ               ｇｏｏｄ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｈａｐｐｉｎｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｍａｎｋｉｎｄ,               ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｓｈａｌｌ               ｆｏｒｅｖｅｒ               ｂｅ               ｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅｄ."               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｃｌｅａｒｌｙ               ｗａｎｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｍｏｔｅ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ａｓ               ａ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｎｇ               ｇｏｏｄ               ｃｉｔｉｚｅｎｓｈｉｐ.
               Ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｉｌｌ               ｏｆ               Ｒｉｇｈｔｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｒａｔｉｆｉｅｄ               ｉｎ               1788               ａｎｄ               1791               ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ,               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗａｓ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｎｏ               ｓｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔａｔｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ.

Ｃａｐｉｔｏｌ               ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ               ｗａｓ               ｂｅｇｕｎ               ｉｎ               1793,               ｂｕｔ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｏｃｃｕｐｉｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｕｎｔｉｌ               1800.

Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅａｎｔｉｍｅ,               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ               ｗａｓ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｗｏｒｓｈｉｐ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ               ｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               1795.

Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｌｉｂｒａｒｙ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ,               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｎｏｎｄｅｎｏｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｔｔｅｎｄｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｔｈｏｍａｓ               Ｊｅｆｆｅｒｓｏｎ,               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｍａｄｉｓｏｎ,               Ａｂｒａｈａｍ               Ｌｉｎｃｏｌｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｍａｎｙ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｍａｒｉｎｅ               ｂａｎｄ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ               ｍｕｓｉｃ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               ｃｈａｐｌａｉｎｓ               ｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｅｄ               ｓｅｒｍｏｎｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ｕｎｔｉｌ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗａｒ               Ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ.
               Ｉｎ               1794,               ｔｈｅ               "Ａｃｔ               ｔｏ               Ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               Ｎａｖａｌ               Ａｒｍａｍｅｎｔ"               ｃｒｅａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ.

Ｎａｖｙ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ａ               ｃｈａｐｌａｉｎ               ｂｅ               ａｓｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｅａｃｈ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｉｘ               ｆｏｒｔｙ-ｆｏｕｒ               ｇｕｎ               ｗａｒｓｈｉｐｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｉｚｅｄ.

Ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｖｙ               ｇｒｅｗ,               ｃｈａｐｌａｉｎｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｉｚｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｓｍａｌｌｅｒ               ｓｈｉｐｓ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｎｄ               ｂｙ               1799               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｌａｗ               ｔｈａｔ               ｎａｖａｌ               ｖｅｓｓｅｌｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｔｗｏ               ｄｉｖｉｎｅ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ               ｅａｃｈ               ｄａｙ               ａｎｄ               ａ               ｓｅｒｍｏｎ               ｏｎ               Ｓｕｎｄａｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃａｐｔａｉｎｓ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               "ｃａｕｓｅ               ａｌｌ,               ｏｒ               ａｓ               ｍａｎｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｈｉｐ'ｓ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ａｓ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｓｐａｒｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｄｕｔｙ,               ｔｏ               ａｔｔｅｎｄ               ａｔ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｓｈｉｐ               ｏｆ               Ａｌｍｉｇｈｔｙ               Ｇｏｄ"               ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｖｙ'ｓ               "Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｈａｐｌａｉｎ               Ｃｏｒｐｓ."
               Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ,               ｔｈｅ               "Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               Ｃｉｖｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               Ｆｕｎｄ               Ａｃｔ"               ｏｆ               1818               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃａｌｌｙ               ａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅｄ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｔｏ               ｍｉｓｓｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ               ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎｓ.

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               Ｐｒｏｔｅｓｔａｎｔ               ｍｉｓｓｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｔｏ               ｅｘｐａｎｄ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈｅｌｐｅｄ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ａｓｓｉｍｉｌａｔｅ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎｓ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｉｎｓｔｒｅａｍ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｅａｒｌｉｅｒ               ｔｒｅａｔｉｅｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎｓ               (ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｋａｓｋａｓｋｉａ,               Ｗｙｎａｄｏｔｔｅ,               ａｎｄ               Ｃｈｅｒｏｋｅｅ               ｔｒｉｂｅｓ)               ｂｙ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｔｈｏｍａｓ               Ｊｅｆｆｅｒｓｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ｆｕｎｄｓ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｎｄ               ｍｉｓｓｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｔｒｉｂｅｓ               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎｉｔｙ.
               Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓ               ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ               ｔｏ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎｉｔｙ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｎｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｂｙ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ'ｓ               ｆｏｕｎｄｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔ               ｏｕｒ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ.

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ｔｏｏ               ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓ               ｔｏ               ｌｉｓｔ               ｈｅｒｅ,               ｂｕｔ               ａｒｅ               ｗｉｄｅｌｙ               ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ.

Ｍａｎｙ               ａｒｅ               ｃｉｔｅｄ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ｉｎ               ａ               2009               ｓｐｉｒｉｔｕａｌ               ｈｅｒｉｔａｇｅ               ｒｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗａｓ               ｃｏｓｐｏｎｓｏｒｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｒｅｐ.

Ｐｈｉｌ               Ｇｉｎｇｒｅｙ               ｏｆ               Ｇｅｏｒｇｉａ.

Ｆｒｏｍ               ｏｕｒ               ｆｏｕｎｄｉｎｇ,               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ａ               Ｊｕｄｅｏ-Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ,               ｎｏｔ               ｉｎ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｌａｗ,               ｂｕｔ               ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ               ｒｅｍａｉｎｓ               ａｓ               ｔｏ               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｏｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               "ｗａｌｌ               ｏｆ               ｓｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎ"               ｃｏｍｅｓ               ｆｒｏｍ.

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙ               ａｔｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               Ｊｅｆｆｅｒｓｏｎ'ｓ               "Ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｄａｎｂｕｒｙ               Ｂａｐｔｉｓｔｓ"               ｆｒｏｍ               1802.

Ａｎ               ｅａｒｌｙ               ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎ               "Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ               ｖ.

Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               (1878)"               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｕｐｒｅｍｅ               Ｃｏｕｒｔ               ｒｕｌｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               "               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｗａｓ               ｄｅｐｒｉｖｅｄ               ｏｆ               ａｌｌ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｖｅ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｍｅｒｅ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎ,               ｂｕｔ               ｗａｓ               ｌｅｆｔ               ｆｒｅｅ               ｔｏ               ｒｅａｃｈ               ａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｖｉｏｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｄｕｔｉｅｓ               ｏｒ               ｓｕｂｖｅｒｓｉｖｅ               ｏｆ               ｇｏｏｄ               ｏｒｄｅｒ."               Ｉｎ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｗｏｒｄｓ,               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｅ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｐｏｌｙｇａｍｙ,               ｓａｍｅ-ｓｅｘ               ｍａｒｒｉａｇｅ,               ｏｒ               ｈｕｍａｎ               ｓａｃｒｉｆｉｃｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｏｄ               ｏｆ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ,               ｂｕｔ               ｉｔ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｅ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｉｄｅａｓ.
               Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               1940ｓ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｕｐｒｅｍｅ               Ｃｏｕｒｔ               ｕｓｅｄ               Ｊｅｆｆｅｒｓｏｎ'ｓ               ｐｈｒａｓｅ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｄｅｃｉｄｉｎｇ               ａ               ｐａｉｒ               ｏｆ               ｃａｓｅｓ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｉｎｇ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ.

Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｃａｓｅ,               "               Ｅｖｅｒｓｏｎ               ｖ.

Ｂｏａｒｄ               ｏｆ               Ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ               (1947),"               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｕｒｔ               ｒｕｌｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ａ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｊｅｒｓｅｙ               ｌａｗ               ｒｅｉｍｂｕｒｓｉｎｇ               ｐａｒｅｎｔｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ａｎｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ,               ｅｖｅｎ               ｐｒｉｖａｔｅ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ,               ｗａｓ               ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｖａｓｔ               ｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｗ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｒｅｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｉｎ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ.

Ｊｕｓｔｉｃｅ               Ｈｕｇｏ               Ｂｌａｃｋ'ｓ               ｒｕｌｉｎｇ               ｒｅａｄｓ               ｉｎ               ｐａｒｔ:               "Ｔｈｅ               'ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ'               ｃｌａｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｉｒｓｔ               Ａｍｅｎｄｍｅｎｔ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ａｔ               ｌｅａｓｔ               ｔｈｉｓ:               Ｎｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ａ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｎｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｃａｎ               ｓｅｔ               ｕｐ               ａ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ.

Ｎｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｃａｎ               ｐａｓｓ               ｌａｗｓ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ａｉｄ               ｏｎｅ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ,               ａｉｄ               ａｌｌ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎｓ               ｏｒ               ｐｒｅｆｅｒ               ｏｎｅ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ｏｖｅｒ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ.

Ｎｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｃａｎ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ｎｏｒ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ａ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｇｏ               ｔｏ               ｏｒ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｍａｉｎ               ａｗａｙ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｏｒ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ｈｉｍ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓ               ａ               ｂｅｌｉｅｆ               ｏｒ               ｄｉｓｂｅｌｉｅｆ               ｉｎ               ａｎｙ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ.

Ｎｏ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｐｕｎｉｓｈｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｅｎｔｅｒｔａｉｎｉｎｇ               ｏｒ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｎｇ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ               ｏｒ               ｄｉｓｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ,               ｆｏｒ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｔｔｅｎｄａｎｃｅ               ｏｒ               ｎｏｎ-ａｔｔｅｎｄａｎｃｅ."               Ｔｈｅ               ｌａｎｄｍａｒｋ               ｃａｓｅ               ａｐｐｌｉｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｉｒｓｔ               Ａｍｅｎｄｍｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｓ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ｌａｗ.
               Ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｒｏｕｂｌｅｓｏｍｅ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｕｌｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               "ＭｃＣｏｌｌｕｍ               ｖ.

Ｂｏａｒｄ               ｏｆ               Ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ               (1948)"               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｓｔｒｕｃｋ               ｄｏｗｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ａｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｖｏｌｕｎｔａｒｙ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｃｌａｓｓｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｕｓｉｎｇ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｓ               ｈａｄ,               ｕｎｔｉｌ               ｔｈｅｎ,               ｂｅｅｎ               ｃｏｍｍｏｎ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ａｓ               ｗｅ               ｈａｖｅ               ｓｅｅｎ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｊｅｆｆｅｒｓｏｎ'ｓ               Ｄａｎｂｕｒｙ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｍａｔｔｅｒｓ               ｗａｓ               ａｎ               ｅｒｒｏｒ.

Ｆｉｒｓｔ,               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｖｅ               ｏｒ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｉｎ               ａｎｙ               ｓｅｎｓｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｍａｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｂｉｌｌ               ｏｆ               Ｒｉｇｈｔｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｄｒａｆｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ａ               ｄｅｌｅｇａｔｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ.

Ｆｒｏｍ               1784               ｔｏ               1790,               ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ａｍｂａｓｓａｄｏｒ               ｔｏ               Ｆｒａｎｃｅ.

Ｉｎｓｔｅａｄ,               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｍａｄｉｓｏｎ,               ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               "Ｆｅｄｅｒａｌｉｓｔ               Ｐａｐｅｒｓ,"               ｉｓ               ｒｅｍｅｍｂｅｒｅｄ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               "Ｆａｔｈｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ"               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｓ               ｉｔｓ               ｌｅａｄ               ｆｒａｍｅｒ.

Ｉｎ               ａｎｙ               ｃａｓｅ,               Ｊｅｆｆｅｒｓｏｎ'ｓ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｐｒｅｃｌｕｄｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｎｇ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ,               ｏｎｌｙ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｉｎｇ               ａ               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｅｎｔ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｊｅｆｆｅｒｓｏｎ'ｓ               ｏｗｎ               ａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｓ               ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ.
               Ｍｕｃｈ               ｈａｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｍａｄｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｔｒｅａｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｔｒｉｐｏｌｉ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               "ｔｈｅ               Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ,               ｉｎ               ａｎｙ               ｓｅｎｓｅ,               ｆｏｕｎｄｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               --               ."               Ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｎａｔｏｒｓ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ａｔ               ｒａｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｕｎａｎｉｍｏｕｓｌｙ               ｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒｅａｔｙ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｔｒｅａｔｙ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｗａｓ               ｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｂｙ               Ｊｏｅｌ               Ｂａｒｌｏｗ               ｉｎ               1797,               ｉｓ               ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｃｏｒｒｅｃｔ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｉｓ               ｉｔｓｅｌｆ               ｓｅｃｕｌａｒ,               ｂｕｔ               ｉｔ               ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｓ               ｏｖｅｒ               ａ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ.
               Ｆｒａｎｋ               Ｌａｍｂｅｒｔ,               ａｕｔｈｏｒ               ｏｆ               "ｔｈｅ               Ｆｏｕｎｄｉｎｇ               Ｆａｔｈｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｌａｃｅ               ｏｆ               Ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ,"               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｓ               ｔｈｅ               ａｐｐａｒｅｎｔ               ｃｏｎｔｒａｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｗａｙ:
               "Ｂｙ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ａｃｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｏｕｎｄｉｎｇ               Ｆａｔｈｅｒｓ               ｍａｄｅ               ｃｌｅａｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ               ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎ               ｗａｓ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ,               ｎｏｔ               ｔｈｅ               ａｄｖａｎｃｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ.

Ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ,               ｎｏｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ,               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｄｅｆｉｎｅ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｆａｉｔｈ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ.

Ｔｈｕｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｏｕｎｄｅｒｓ               ｅｎｓｕｒｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｎ               ｎｏ               ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌ               ｓｅｎｓｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｂｅ               ａ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃ.

Ｔｅｎ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｅｎｄｅｄ               ｉｔｓ               ｗｏｒｋ,               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ａｓｓｕｒｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｓｅｃｕｌａｒ               ｓｔａｔｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｔｓ               ｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ａｄｈｅｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｕｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｌａｗ,               ｎｏｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｉｃｔａｔｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎ               ｆａｉｔｈ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｓｓｕｒａｎｃｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｔｒｅａｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｔｒｉｐｏｌｉ               ｏｆ               1797               ａｎｄ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｉｎｔｅｎｄｅｄ               ｔｏ               ａｌｌａｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｅａｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｕｓｌｉｍ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｂｙ               ｉｎｓｉｓｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒｅａｔｙ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｅｎｆｏｒｃｅｄ.

Ｊｏｈｎ               Ａｄａｍｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｅｎａｔｅ               ｍａｄｅ               ｃｌｅａｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｃｔ               ｗａｓ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｔｗｏ               ｓｏｖｅｒｅｉｇｎ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ,               ｎｏｔ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｔｗｏ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｐｏｗｅｒｓ."
               Ｊｏｓｅｐｈ               Ｓｔｏｒｙ,               ａｎ               ｅａｒｌｙ               ｊｕｓｔｉｃｅ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｕｐｒｅｍｅ               Ｃｏｕｒｔ               ｗｈｏ               ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ｃｏｍｍｅｎｔａｒｉｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ,               ｗａｓ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｃｏｒｒｅｃｔ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｈｅ               ｗｒｏｔｅ               "Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅａｌ               ｏｂｊｅｃｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               [ｆｉｒｓｔ]               ａｍｅｎｄｍｅｎｔ               ｗａｓ,               ｎｏｔ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｕｎｔｅｎａｎｃｅ,               ｍｕｃｈ               ｌｅｓｓ               ｔｏ               ａｄｖａｎｃｅ               Ｍａｈｏｍｅｔａｎｉｓｍ,               ｏｒ               Ｊｕｄａｉｓｍ,               ｏｒ               ｉｎｆｉｄｅｌｉｔｙ,               ｂｙ               ｐｒｏｓｔｒａｔｉｎｇ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎｉｔｙ;               ｂｕｔ               ｔｏ               ｅｘｃｌｕｄｅ               ａｌｌ               ｒｉｖａｌｒｙ               ａｍｏｎｇ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎ               ｓｅｃｔｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔ               ａｎｙ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｅｃｃｌｅｓｉａｓｔｉｃａｌ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｇｉｖｅ               ｔｏ               ａｎ               ｈｉｅｒａｒｃｈｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｘｃｌｕｓｉｖｅ               ｐａｔｒｏｎａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ."
               Ｉｎ               Ｓｔｏｒｙ'ｓ               ｖｉｅｗ,               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒｕｅ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ               Ｃｌａｕｓｅ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｏ               ｅｒｅｃｔ               ａ               "ｗａｌｌ               ｏｆ               ｓｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔａｔｅ,"               ｂｕｔ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ａｎｙ               ｏｎｅ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎ               ｄｅｎｏｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｒ               ｓｅｃｔ.

Ｗｈｅｎ               ｖｉｅｗｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｍａｋｅｓ               ｓｅｎｓｅ.

Ｅｕｒｏｐｅ               ｈａｄ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｅｍｅｒｇｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｗａｒｓ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｐｒｏｔｅｓｔａｎｔｓ.

Ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｐｅｒｓｅｃｕｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｉｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｏｎｓ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｃｏｍｍｏｎｐｌａｃｅ               ｉｎ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅ               ａｎｄ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｓｏｍｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ.

Ｆｏｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｕｒｉｔａｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍａｓｓａｃｈｕｓｅｔｔｓ               Ｂａｙ               Ｃｏｌｏｎｙ               ｆｉｎｅｄ,               ｗｈｉｐｐｅｄ,               ｔａｒｒｅｄ,               ｂａｎｉｓｈｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｋｉｌｌｅｄ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｄｉｓｓｅｎｔｅｒｓ,               ｎｏｔａｂｌｙ               Ｑｕａｋｅｒｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｆｒａｍｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｗａｎｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｔｏ               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               ａ               ｄｉｖｉｓｉｖｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｓｔｒｕｇｇｌｅ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｄｅｎｏｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｓ.
               Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｎｏｔｅｗｏｒｔｈｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｍａｎｄａｔｅ               ａｎ               ｅｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｅｄ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ.

Ｇｅｏｒｇｉａ               ｎｅｖｅｒ               ｈａｄ               ａｎ               ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ｂｕｔ               ｍａｎｙ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ               ｄｉｄ.

Ｍａｒｙｌａｎｄ'ｓ               ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌ               Ａｎｇｌｉｃａｎ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ｍａｙ               ｂｅ               ｒｅｃａｌｌｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｈｉｇｈ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌ               Ｕ.Ｓ.

ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｃｌａｓｓｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｗａｓ               ｓｈａｒｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｆｉｖｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌ               ｔｈｉｒｔｅｅｎ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｕｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｇａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｓ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｈａｍｐｓｈｉｒｅ'ｓ               ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ｌａｓｔｅｄ               ｕｎｔｉｌ               1877.

Ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔ               ｏｆ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌｉｓｍ               ｍｅａｎｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｍａｄｅ               ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ               ｒａｔｈｅｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｄｉｃｔａｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｆａｃｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌ               ｉｎｔｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｉｒｓｔ               Ａｍｅｎｄｍｅｎｔ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｐａｒａｔｅ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｍｅａｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｔｉｏｎｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｆｏｒｃｅｄ               ｔｏ               ａｄｏｐｔ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎｉｔｙ.

Ｉｔ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｍｅａｎ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎｉｔｙ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｅｆｅｒｒｅｄ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ.

Ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｎｄｅｎｏｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ,               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ａｌｗａｙｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｐｒｅｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｌｙ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｈａｓ               ａｌｗａｙｓ               ｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｓｔ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ａｓ               ａ               ｗｈｏｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｍｏｔｅ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ.
               Ｆｏｒ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎｉｔｙ               ｉｎ               ｅａｒｌｙ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｌｉｆｅ               ｇｏ               ｔｏ:
               ｈｔｔｐ://ｗｗｗ.ｃａｐｔａｉｎｋｕｄｚｕ.ｃｏｍ/2009/07/ａｍｅｒｉｃａ-ｃｅｌｅｂｒａｔｉｎｇ-ｇｏｄ-ａｎｄ-ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ.ｈｔｍｌ






Image of monticello advance






monticello advance
monticello advance


monticello advance Image 1


monticello advance
monticello advance


monticello advance Image 2


monticello advance
monticello advance


monticello advance Image 3


monticello advance
monticello advance


monticello advance Image 4


monticello advance
monticello advance


monticello advance Image 5


  • Related blog with monticello advance





    1. quigleyblog.blogspot.com/   07/02/2009
      ..., the editors of Harvard Law Review, the Boston Quincy neighborhood or Monticello for governance. To the contrary. One’s status would rise by being thrown...
    2. soyourenewtodc.wordpress.com/   04/21/2011
      ...most definitely worth a visit, but if you go during the warmer months, take some time to plan in advance to make the most of your visit. Tags: Monticello , University of Virginia
    3. democratic-individuality.blogspot.com/   12/02/2012
      ... movement was an enormous advance in this regard). The people of those...union" real. *** OP-ED CONTRIBUTOR The Monster of Monticello By PAUL FINKELMAN Published: November 30...
    4. alongtherails.wordpress.com/   09/20/2011
      ...camera. This year’s Railroad Days in Monticello took place the weekend of September 17... planned to go months in advance. I had also been ...
    5. justanokie.blogspot.com/   10/21/2011
      ...It was considered the most advanced and best-equipped kitchen of its time...kitchen if there was ample ice to do so. Monticello was a little underwhelming...
    6. nathanandkatheryn.blogspot.com/   09/22/2011
      ...the scenes tour 2 months in advance or there would have been no way that we..., he returned to his beloved Monticello. However, he found the enormous house to...
    7. fabricsnquilts.blogspot.com/   09/13/2011
      ...every labor day in the charming city of Monticello, Kentucky. I love the categories for... from this year’s show. I apologize in advance for blurry pics…my camera died & I...
    8. slywy.blogspot.com/   03/11/2011
      ...the nails he made. In The Road to Monticello , Kevin J. Hayes explores that Enlightenment.... Hayes covers Jefferson’s many advanced interests and everything that can...
    9. politicalbeachgirl.blogspot.com/   07/15/2006
      ...time to visit another home – Monticello – and literally walk into the.... As a happy Advanced Basic Obedience class graduate...America today. Our journey to Monticello reminded me...
    10. fredericksblogger.blogspot.com/   08/12/2010
      ... twice daily, at 10:30 and 2:30. Advance tickets are highly ...available until Oct. 31. For more info, check out monticello.org . One of the very narrow staircases...

      11. Monticello Advance - Blog Homepage Results

      PLASTIC MAGIC: radio show sunday evenings 7pm to9pm CST KXUA 88.3fm and WBCQ 5110 kHz shortwavebyFilthy Phil
      http://plasticmagic.blogspot.com/
      Advanced counter-culture music for the rock and roll connoisseur. Specializing in ACID ROCK, GARAGE...station at The University of Arkansas as well as bi-weekly on Area 51 WBCQ 5110 kHz shortwave from Monticello, Maine sunday evenings from 7-9pm CST.
      more Monticello Advance Blogs



    Related Video with monticello advance







    monticello advance Video 1








    monticello advance Video 2








    monticello advance Video 3




    monticello advance































    0 개의 댓글:

    댓글 쓰기