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2013년 11월 24일 일요일

About 'monticello advance'|The people and "the Monster of Monticello"







About 'monticello advance'|The people and "the Monster of Monticello"








Congress               shall               make               no               law               respecting               an               establishment               of               religion,               or               prohibiting               the               free               exercise               thereof;               or               abridging               the               freedom               of               speech,               or               of               the               press;               or               the               right               of               the               people               peaceably               to               assemble,               and               to               petition               the               Government               for               a               redress               of               grievances.

'"               First               Amendment               to               the               Constitution               The               First               Amendment               is               the               workhorse               amendment               of               the               Constitution.

It               recognizes               the               natural               right               of               Americans               to               the               freedoms               of               religion,               speech,               press,               assembly,               and               to               lobby               the               government.

Its               forty-five               words               are               arguably               some               of               the               most               important               and               powerful               words               in               our               government               and               culture.

Yet,               in               spite               of               our               First               Amendment               protections               against               prohibitions               of               the               "free               exercise"               of               religion,               Americans               today               face               unprecedented               attacks               on               religion               in               the               public               square.
               Today               it               is               taken               for               granted               that               the               phrase               "Congress               shall               make               no               law               respecting               an               establishment               of               religion"               means               that               there               should               be               a               "wall               of               separation               between               church               and               state."               However,               the               phrase               "separation               of               church               and               state"               does               not               appear               within               the               Constitution               and               seems               to               actually               contradict               the               phrase               "or               prohibiting               the               free               exercise               thereof."               The               Establishment               Clause               today               seems               to               take               precedence               over               the               Free               Exercise               Clause.
               If               we               look               back               to               the               early               days               of               our               republic,               we               see               that               religion               and               government               often               worked               together.

One               of               the               most               popular               marching               songs               of               the               Continental               Army,               "Chester"               by               William               Billings,               is               unmistakably               spiritual.

The               Declaration               of               Independence,               our               founding               document,               also               makes               explicit,               though               nondenominational,               references               to               our               "Creator"               and               "Nature's               God."               While               the               Revolution               still               raged,               Congress               authorized               the               printing               of               an               American               Bible               in               1781.

The               Robert               Aitken               Bible               was               printed               in               1782               and               was               commended               by               George               Washington.
               From               the               earliest               days               of               our               history               as               well,               Congress,               the               states,               and               presidents               have               proclaimed               national               days               of               "Humiliation,               Fasting,               and               Prayer"               according               to               Dr.

John               S.

Uebersax.

The               authors               of               these               early               proclamations               are               a               veritable               who's               who               list               of               American               founders               including               John               Hancock,               John               Jay,               Sam               Adams,               John               Adams,               and               James               Madison.

George               Washington               issued               the               first               Thanksgiving               proclamation,               titled               "General               Thanksgiving,"               in               1789               to               acknowledge               "with               grateful               hearts               the               many               and               signal               favors               of               Almighty               God,               especially               by               affording               them               an               opportunity               peaceably               to               establish               a               form               of               government               for               their               safety               and               happiness               --               "
               When               Congress               passed               the               Northwest               Ordinance               in               1787,               it               stated,               "Religion,               morality,               and               knowledge,               being               necessary               to               good               government               and               the               happiness               of               mankind,               schools               and               the               means               of               education               shall               forever               be               encouraged."               Congress               clearly               wanted               to               promote               religion               as               a               means               to               promoting               good               citizenship.
               After               the               Constitution               and               the               Bill               of               Rights               were               ratified               in               1788               and               1791               respectively,               there               was               still               no               separation               of               church               and               state.

The               U.S.

Capitol               building               was               begun               in               1793,               but               was               not               occupied               by               Congress               until               1800.

In               the               meantime,               the               building               was               used               for               public               worship               services               beginning               in               1795.

According               to               the               Library               of               Congress,               these               nondenominational               services               were               attended               by               Thomas               Jefferson,               James               Madison,               Abraham               Lincoln,               and               many               other               presidents               and               members               of               Congress.

The               Marine               band               often               provided               music               and               congressional               chaplains               delivered               sermons.

The               services               continued               until               after               the               War               Between               the               States.
               In               1794,               the               "Act               to               Provide               Naval               Armament"               created               the               U.S.

Navy               and               required               that               a               chaplain               be               assigned               to               each               of               the               six               forty-four               gun               warships               that               were               authorized.

As               the               Navy               grew,               chaplains               were               authorized               on               smaller               ships               as               well               and               by               1799               Congress               required               by               law               that               naval               vessels               have               two               divine               services               each               day               and               a               sermon               on               Sunday               and               that               captains               should               "cause               all,               or               as               many               of               the               ship's               company               as               can               be               spared               from               duty,               to               attend               at               every               performance               of               the               worship               of               Almighty               God"               according               to               the               Navy's               "History               of               the               Chaplain               Corps."
               Further,               the               "Indian               Civilization               Fund               Act"               of               1818               specifically               appropriated               federal               money               to               missionaries               working               with               the               Indians.

These               Protestant               missionaries               used               the               money               to               expand               schools               that               helped               educate               and               assimilate               Indians               into               the               mainstream               American               society.

This               followed               earlier               treaties               with               the               Indians               (specifically               the               Kaskaskia,               Wynadotte,               and               Cherokee               tribes)               by               President               Thomas               Jefferson               that               used               federal               funds               to               send               missionaries               to               these               tribes               specifically               for               promotion               of               Christianity.
               There               are               numerous               references               to               Christianity               as               the               unofficial               religion               of               the               United               States               by               America's               founders               and               leaders               throughout               our               history.

These               references               are               too               numerous               to               list               here,               but               are               widely               available               on               the               internet.

Many               are               cited               as               well               in               a               2009               spiritual               heritage               resolution               that               was               cosponsored               by               Rep.

Phil               Gingrey               of               Georgia.

From               our               founding,               America               has               been               a               Judeo-Christian               nation,               not               in               only               law,               but               in               fact.
               The               question               remains               as               to               where               the               notion               of               the               "wall               of               separation"               comes               from.

It               is               commonly               attributed               to               Jefferson's               "Letter               to               the               Danbury               Baptists"               from               1802.

An               early               reference               to               the               letter               was               in               "Reynolds               v.

United               States               (1878)"               in               which               the               Supreme               Court               ruled               that               "               Congress               was               deprived               of               all               legislative               power               over               mere               opinion,               but               was               left               free               to               reach               actions               which               were               in               violation               of               social               duties               or               subversive               of               good               order."               In               other               words,               Congress               could               legislate               against               polygamy,               same-sex               marriage,               or               human               sacrifice               for               the               good               of               society,               but               it               could               not               legislate               against               ideas.
               In               the               1940s,               the               Supreme               Court               used               Jefferson's               phrase               when               deciding               a               pair               of               cases               involving               religion               and               schools.

In               the               first               case,               "               Everson               v.

Board               of               Education               (1947),"               the               Court               ruled               that               a               New               Jersey               law               reimbursing               parents               for               the               cost               of               transportation               to               and               from               schools,               even               private               schools,               was               constitutional               even               though               the               vast               majority               of               people               to               benefit               under               the               law               were               the               parents               of               children               in               Catholic               schools.

Justice               Hugo               Black's               ruling               reads               in               part:               "The               'establishment               of               religion'               clause               of               the               First               Amendment               means               at               least               this:               Neither               a               state               nor               the               Federal               Government               can               set               up               a               church.

Neither               can               pass               laws               which               aid               one               religion,               aid               all               religions               or               prefer               one               religion               over               another.

Neither               can               force               nor               influence               a               person               to               go               to               or               to               remain               away               from               church               against               his               will               or               force               him               to               profess               a               belief               or               disbelief               in               any               religion.

No               person               can               be               punished               for               entertaining               or               professing               religious               beliefs               or               disbeliefs,               for               church               attendance               or               non-attendance."               The               landmark               case               applied               the               First               Amendment               to               state               as               well               as               federal               law.
               More               troublesome               was               the               ruling               in               "McCollum               v.

Board               of               Education               (1948)"               which               struck               down               the               practice               of               allowing               voluntary               religious               classes               in               public               schools.

The               practice               of               using               public               buildings               for               religious               purposes               had,               until               then,               been               common               throughout               American               history               as               we               have               seen.
               The               use               of               Jefferson's               Danbury               letter               in               legal               matters               was               an               error.

First,               it               was               not               legislative               or               legal               in               any               sense.

The               letter               was               the               personal               correspondence               of               a               man               who               was               not               even               in               the               country               as               the               Constitution               and               Bill               of               Rights               were               being               drafted               and               therefore               could               not               have               been               a               delegate               to               the               Constitutional               Convention.

From               1784               to               1790,               he               was               ambassador               to               France.

Instead,               James               Madison,               the               author               of               the               "Federalist               Papers,"               is               remembered               as               the               "Father               of               the               Constitution"               as               well               as               its               lead               framer.

In               any               case,               Jefferson's               letter               does               not               preclude               the               government               promoting               religion               in               general,               only               establishing               a               specific               religion.

This               is               consistent               with               Jefferson's               own               actions               as               president.
               Much               has               also               been               made               of               the               Treaty               of               Tripoli               which               states               that               "the               Government               of               the               United               States               of               America               is               not,               in               any               sense,               founded               on               the               Christian               religion               --               ."               The               senators               present               at               ratification               unanimously               confirmed               the               treaty.

The               treaty,               which               was               signed               for               the               United               States               by               Joel               Barlow               in               1797,               is               technically               correct.

The               government               of               the               United               States               is               itself               secular,               but               it               presides               over               a               Christian               nation.
               Frank               Lambert,               author               of               "the               Founding               Fathers               and               the               Place               of               Religion               in               America,"               explains               the               apparent               contradiction               this               way:
               "By               their               actions,               the               Founding               Fathers               made               clear               that               their               primary               concern               was               religious               freedom,               not               the               advancement               of               a               state               religion.

Individuals,               not               the               government,               would               define               religious               faith               and               practice               in               the               United               States.

Thus               the               Founders               ensured               that               in               no               official               sense               would               America               be               a               Christian               Republic.

Ten               years               after               the               Constitutional               Convention               ended               its               work,               the               country               assured               the               world               that               the               United               States               was               a               secular               state,               and               that               its               negotiations               would               adhere               to               the               rule               of               law,               not               the               dictates               of               the               Christian               faith.

The               assurances               were               contained               in               the               Treaty               of               Tripoli               of               1797               and               were               intended               to               allay               the               fears               of               the               Muslim               state               by               insisting               that               religion               would               not               govern               how               the               treaty               was               interpreted               and               enforced.

John               Adams               and               the               Senate               made               clear               that               the               pact               was               between               two               sovereign               states,               not               between               two               religious               powers."
               Joseph               Story,               an               early               justice               on               the               Supreme               Court               who               published               commentaries               on               the               Constitution,               was               likely               correct               when               he               wrote               "The               real               object               of               the               [first]               amendment               was,               not               to               countenance,               much               less               to               advance               Mahometanism,               or               Judaism,               or               infidelity,               by               prostrating               Christianity;               but               to               exclude               all               rivalry               among               Christian               sects,               and               to               prevent               any               national               ecclesiastical               establishment,               which               should               give               to               an               hierarchy               the               exclusive               patronage               of               the               national               government."
               In               Story's               view,               the               true               purpose               of               the               Establishment               Clause               was               not               to               erect               a               "wall               of               separation               between               church               and               state,"               but               to               prevent               national               recognition               of               any               one               Christian               denomination               or               sect.

When               viewed               within               the               context               of               the               time               this               makes               sense.

Europe               had               just               emerged               from               a               period               of               religious               wars               between               Catholics               and               Protestants.

Religious               persecution               to               the               point               of               executions               had               been               commonplace               in               Europe               and               even               in               some               American               colonies.

For               example,               the               Puritans               of               the               Massachusetts               Bay               Colony               fined,               whipped,               tarred,               banished               and               even               killed               religious               dissenters,               notably               Quakers.

The               framers               of               the               Constitution               did               not               want               this               to               become               a               divisive               national               struggle               between               denominations.
               It               is               also               noteworthy               that               the               Constitution               did               not               mandate               an               end               to               the               government               supported               religions               of               the               states.

Georgia               never               had               an               official               state               religion               but               many               other               colonies               did.

Maryland's               official               Anglican               religion               may               be               recalled               from               high               school               U.S.

history               classes               and               was               shared               by               five               of               the               original               thirteen               colonies.

The               status               of               the               Congregational               Church               as               New               Hampshire's               official               state               religion               lasted               until               1877.

The               concept               of               federalism               meant               that               states               made               choices               about               most               issues               for               themselves               rather               than               being               dictated               to               by               the               federal               government.
               The               fact               that               the               original               intent               of               the               First               Amendment               was               not               to               separate               church               and               state               does               not               mean               that               practitioners               of               other               religions               would               be               forced               to               adopt               Christianity.

It               does               mean               that               Christianity               is               the               original               and               preferred               religion               of               the               United               States.

While               the               government               of               the               United               States               is               nondenominational,               the               people               of               the               United               States               have               always               been               predominantly               Christian               and               the               government               has               always               realized               that               it               was               in               the               best               interest               of               the               country               as               a               whole               to               promote               religious               beliefs.
               For               more               examples               of               Christianity               in               early               American               life               go               to:
               http://www.captainkudzu.com/2009/07/america-celebrating-god-and-country.html






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